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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00030_Field_frep19.txt
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1996-12-30
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At the output end, we find
not only various sets of body
muscles that we can
voluntarily control, in the
trunk, limbs, eyes, and tongue,
but also sets that subserve the
less voluntary or involuntary
housekeeping functions, such
as making our stomachs churn,
our water pass or bowels move,
and our sphincters (between
these events) hold orifices
closed.
We also need to qualify our
model with respect to direction
of information flow. The
prevailing direction in our
diagram is obviously from left to
right, from input to output, but
in almost every case in which
information is transferred from
one stage to the next,
reciprocal connections feed
information back from the
second stage to the first. (We
can sometimes guess what such
feedback might be useful for,
but in almost no case do we
have incisive understanding.)
Finally, even within a given
stage we often find a rich
network of connections
between neighboring cells of
the same order. Thus to say that
a structure contains a specific
number of stages is almost
always an oversimplification.
When I began working in
neurology in the early 1950s,
this basic plan of the nervous
system was well understood. But
in those days no one had any
clear idea how to interpret this
bucket-brigade-like handing on
of information from one stage to
the next. Today we know far
more about the ways in which
the information is transformed
in some parts of the brain; in
other parts we still know almost
nothing. The remaining
chapters of this text are devoted
to the visual system, the one we
understand best today. I will
next try to give a preview of a
few of the things we know about
that system.